List of national anthems
Rouget de Lisle, the composer of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise", sings it for the first time. The anthem is the second-earliest to be adopted by a state, in 1795.
Most nations have anthems, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism";[1] most anthems are either marches or hymns in style. A hymn can become a national anthem by a provision in the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition.[2] A royal anthem is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance. Some states also use the royal anthem as its national anthem, such as the anthem of Jordan.[3]
The oldest national anthem is the Dutch national anthem "Het Wilhelmus", which was written between 1568 and 1572.[4] The Japanese anthem, "Kimi ga Yo", has its lyrics taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, yet it was not set to music until 1880.[5] Anthems became increasingly popular among European states in the 18th century.[6] For example, the British national anthem "God Save the Queen" was first performed under the title "God Save the King" in 1745.[7] However, the first anthem to be officially adopted as such was the Spanish anthem Marcha Real, in 1770; its origins remain unclear, being suggested to have sixteenth century Venetian origins, or even to have been composed by king Frederick the Great himself; it is also one of the few national anthems that has never had official lyrics.[8]. The French anthem "La Marseillaise" was written half a century later in 1792, and adopted in 1795.[9]
National anthems are usually written in the most common language of the state, whether de facto or official. For example, India's anthem "Jana Gana Mana" is written in a Sanskritized version of Bengali, which are both official languages of India.[10] States with multiple national languages may offer several versions of their anthem. For instance, Switzerland's national anthem has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages: French, German, Italian, and Romansh.[11] The New Zealand national anthem is traditionally sung with the first verse in Māori (Aotearoa) and the second in English (God Defend New Zealand). The tune is the same but the words are not a direct translation of each other. South Africa's national anthem is unique in that five of the eleven official languages are used in the same anthem, in which each language comprises a stanza.[12]
Contents |
Anthems of United Nations member states
Only United Nations member states are included in this list; they are arranged alphabetically.[13]
| Nation | National anthem | Date adopted | Lyrics writer | Music writer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan |
"Milli Tharana" ("National Anthem") | 2006 | Abdul Bari Jahani | Babrak Wassa |
 Albania |
"Himni i Flamurit" ("Hymn to the Flag") | 1912 | Aleksander Stavre Drenova | Ciprian Porumbescu |
 Algeria |
"Kassaman" ("We Pledge") | 1963 | Moufdi Zakaria | Mohamed Fawzi |
 Andorra |
"El Gran Carlemany" ("The Great Charlemagne") | 1921 | Enric Marfany Bons | Juan Benlloch y Vivó |
 Angola |
"Angola Avante" ("Forward Angola") | 1975 | Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro | Rui Alberto Vieira Dias Mingas |
 Antigua and Barbuda |
"Fair Antigua and Barbuda"[note 1] | 1967 | Novelle Hamilton Richards | Walter Garnet Picart Chambers |
 Argentina |
"Himno Nacional Argentino" ("Argentine National Anthem") | 1813 | Vicente López y Planes | Blas Parera |
 Armenia |
"Mer Hayrenik"' ("Our Fatherland") | 1991 | Mikael Nalbandian | Barsegh Kanachyan |
 Australia |
"Advance Australia Fair"[note 1] | 1984 | Peter Dodds McCormick | Peter Dodds McCormick |
 Austria |
"Land der Berge, Land am Strome" ("Land of Mountains, Land on the River") | 1946 | Paula von Preradovic | Johann Holzer |
 Azerbaijan |
"Azərbaycan marşı" ("Azerbaijan's Anthem") | 1992 | Ahmed Javad | Uzeyir Hajibeyov |
 Bahamas |
"March On, Bahamaland"[note 1] | 1973 | Timothy Gibson | Timothy Gibson |
 Bahrain |
"Bahrainona" ("Our Bahrain") | 1971 | Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash | unknown |
 Bangladesh |
"Amar Shonar Bangla" ("My Golden Bengal") | 1972 | Rabindranath Tagore | Rabindranath Tagore |
 Barbados |
"In Plenty and In Time of Need" | 1966 | Irving Burgie | C. Van Roland Edwards |
 Belarus |
"My Belarusy" ("We, the Belarusians")[note 2] | 1955 | Michael Klimovich | Nestar Sakalowski |
.svg.png){kind=small} Belgium |
"The Brabançonne" ("The Song of Brabant") | 1860 | Jenneval (Louis-Alexandre Dechet) | François Van Campenhout |
 Belize |
"Land of the Free" | 1981 | Samuel Alfred Haynes | Selwyn Walford Young |
 Benin |
"L'Aube Nouvelle" ("The Dawn of a New Day") | 1960 | Gilbert Jean Dagnon | Gilbert Jean Dagnon |
 Bhutan |
"Druk tsendhen" (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom) | 1953 | Dasho Gyaldun Thinley | Aku Tongmi |
 Bolivia |
"Himno Nacional de la República de Bolivia" ("National Anthem of the Republic of Bolivia") | 1851 | José Ignacio de Sanjinés | Leopoldo Benedetto Vincenti |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
"Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" ("The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina") | 1999 | none | Dušan Šestić |
 Botswana |
"Fatshe leno la rona" ("Blessed Be This Noble Land") | 1966 | Kgalemang Tumedisco Motsete | Kgalemang Tumedisco Motsete |
 Brazil |
"Hino Nacional Brasileiro" ("Brazilian National Anthem") | 1922 | Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada | Francisco Manuel da Silva |
 Brunei |
"Allah Peliharakan Sultan" ("God Bless the Sultan") | 1951 | Pengiran Haji Mohamed Yusuf bin Abdul Rahim | Awang Haji Besar bin Sagap |
 Bulgaria |
"Mila Rodino" ("Dear Motherland") | 1964 | Tsvetan Radoslavov | Tsvetan Radoslavov |
 Burkina Faso |
"Une Seule Nuit" ("One Single Night") | 1984 | Thomas Sankara | Thomas Sankara |
 Burma |
"Kaba Ma Kyei" ("Till the End of the World, Burma") | 1947 | Saya Tin | Saya Tin |
 Burundi |
"Burundi bwacu" ("Our Burundi") | 1962 | Jean-Baptiste Ntahokaja and others | Marc Barengayabo |
 Cambodia |
"Nokoreach" ("Royal Kingdom") | 1941 | Chuon Nat | F. Perruchot and J. Jekyll |
 Cameroon |
"O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres" ("O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers") | 1957 | René Djam Afame, Samuel Minkio Bamba, and Moïse Nyatte Nko'o | René Djam Afame |
 Canada |
"O Canada"[note 1] | 1980 | Adolphe-Basile Routhier (French); Robert Stanley Weir (English) | Calixa Lavallée |
 Cape Verde |
"Cântico da Liberdade" ("Song of Freedom") | 1996 | Amílcar Spencer Lopes | Adalberto Higino Tavares Silva |
 Central African Republic |
"La Renaissance" ("The Rebirth") | 1960 | Barthélémy Boganda | Herbert Pepper |
 Chad |
"La Tchadienne" ("People of Chad") | 1960 | Louis Gidrol and others | Paul Villard |
 Chile |
"Himno Nacional de Chile" ("National Anthem of Chile") | 1828 | Eusebio Lillo | Ramón Carnicer |
 People's Republic of China |
"Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ" ("The March of the Volunteers") | 1949 (provisional) 1982 (official) 2004 (constitutional) |
Tian Han | Nie Er |
 Colombia |
"Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia" ("National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia") | 1920 | Rafael Núñez | Oreste Sindici |
 Comoros |
"Udzima wa ya Masiwa" ("The Union of the Great Islands") | 1978 | Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane | Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane and Kamildine Abdallah |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
"Debout Congolais" ("Arise Congolese") | 1960 | Joseph Lutumba | Simon-Pierre Boka di Mpasi Londi |
 Republic of the Congo |
"La Congolaise" ("The Congolese") | 1959 | Levent Kimbangui | Français Jacques Tondra |
 Costa Rica |
"Himno Nacional de Costa Rica" ("National Anthem of Costa Rica") | 1853 | José María Zeledón Brenes | Manuel María Gutiérrez |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
"L'Abidjanaise" ("Song of Abidjan") | 1960 | Mathieu Ekra, Joachim Bony, and Pierre Marie Coty | Pierre Marie Coty and Pierre Michel Pango |
 Croatia |
"Lijepa naša domovino" ("Our Beautiful Homeland")[note 3] | 1972 | Antun Mihanović | Josip Runjanin |
 Cuba |
"El Himno de Bayamo" ("The Anthem of Bayamo") | 1902 | Perucho Figueredo | Perucho Figueredo |
 Cyprus |
"Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían" ("Hymn to Liberty")[note 4][note 5] | 1960 | Dionýsios Solomós | Nikolaos Mantzaros |
 Czech Republic |
"Kde domov můj" ("Where is My Home?")[note 6] | 1918 | Josef Kajetán Tyl | František Škroup |
 Denmark |
"Der er et yndigt land" ("There is a Lovely Country")[note 7] | 1835 | Adam Oehlenschläger | Hans Ernst Krøyer |
 Djibouti |
"Djibouti" ("Djibouti") | 1977 | Aden Elmi | Abdi Robleh |
 Dominica |
"Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour" | 1967 | Wilfred Oscar Morgan Pond | Lemuel McPherson Christian |
 Dominican Republic |
"Himno Nacional" ("National Anthem") | 1934 | Emilio Prud'homme | Jose Rufino Reyes Siancas |
 East Timor |
"Pátria" ("Fatherland") | 2002 | Francisco Borja da Costa | Afonso de Araujo |
 Ecuador |
"Salve, Oh Patria" ("We Salute You, Our Homeland") | 1948 | Juan León Mera | Antonio Neumane |
 Egypt |
"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady" ("My Country, My Country, My Country") | 1979 | Sayed Darwish (adapted from a speech by Mustafa Kamil) | Sayed Darwish |
 El Salvador |
"Himno Nacional de El Salvador" ("National Anthem of El Salvador") | 1879 | Juan José Cañas | Juan Aberle |
 Equatorial Guinea |
"Caminemos pisando la senda" ("Let Us Tread the Path") | 1968 | Atanasio Ndongo Miyone | Atanasio Ndongo Miyone |
 Eritrea |
"Ertra, Ertra, Ertra" ("Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea") | 1993 | Solomon Tsehaye Beraki | Isaac Abraham Meharezghi and Aron Tekle Tesfatsion |
 Estonia |
"Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" ("My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy") | 1920 | Johann Voldemar Jannsen | Fredrik Pacius |
 Ethiopia |
"Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya" ("March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia") | 1992 | Dereje Melaku Mengesha | Solomon Lulu Mitiku |
 Fiji |
"Meda Dau Doka" ("God Bless Fiji") | 1970 | Michael Francis Alexander Prescott | Charles Austin Miles |
 Finland |
"Maamme" or "Vårt land" ("Our Land") | 1867 | Johan Ludvig Runeberg | Fredrik Pacius |
 France |
"La Marseillaise" ("The Song of Marseille") | 1795 | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle |
 Gabon |
"La Concorde" ("The Concord") | 1960 | Georges Aleka Damas | Georges Aleka Damas |
 The Gambia |
"For The Gambia Our Homeland" | 1965 | Virginia Julie Howe | Jeremy Frederick Howe |
 Georgia |
"Tavisupleba" ("Freedom") | 2004 | David Magradze | Zakaria Paliashvili |
 Germany |
"Das Deutschlandlied" ("The Germany Song") – the Third stanza | 1922 | August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben | Joseph Haydn |
 Ghana |
"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana" | 1957 | Philip Gbeho | Philip Gbeho |
 Greece |
"Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían" ("Hymn to Liberty")[note 4] | 1865 | Dionýsios Solomós | Nikolaos Mantzaros |
 Greenland |
"Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit" | 1916 | Henrik Lund | Jonathan Petersen |
 Grenada |
"Hail Grenada" | 1974 | Irva Merle Baptiste | Louis Arnold Masanto |
 Guatemala |
"Himno Nacional de Guatemala" ("National Anthem of Guatemala") | 1896 | José Joaquín Palma | Rafael Álvarez Ovalle |
 Guinea |
"Liberté" ("Liberty") | 1958 | Unknown | Kodofo Moussa |
 Guinea-Bissau |
"Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" ("This Is Our Beloved Country") | 1974 | Amílcar Cabral | Amílcar Cabral |
 Guyana |
"Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains" | 1966 | Archibald Leonard Luker | Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter |
 Haiti |
"La Dessalinienne" ("Song of Dessalines") | 1904 | Justin Lhérisson | Nicolas Geffrard |
 Honduras |
"Himno Nacional de Honduras" ("National Anthem of Honduras") | 1915 | Augusto Constancio Coello | Carlos Hartling |
 Hungary |
"Himnusz" ("Hymn") | 1844 | Ferenc Kölcsey | Ferenc Erkel |
 Iceland |
"Lofsöngur" ("Hymn") | unknown | Matthías Jochumsson | Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson |
 India |
"Jana Gana Mana" ("Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People") | 1950 | TagoreTagore,_Sir_Rabindranath"Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore | Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore</a> |
 Indonesia |
"Indonesia Raya" ("Great Indonesia") | 1945 | Wage Rudolf Supratman | Wage Rudolf Supratman |
 Iran |
"Soroud-e Melli-e Jomhouri-e Eslami-e Iran" ("National Anthem of Iran") | 1990 | multiple | Hassan Riyahi |
 Iraq |
"Mawtini" ("My Homeland") | 2004 | Ibrahim Touqan | Muhammad Fuliefil |
 Ireland |
"Amhrán na bhFiann" ("The Soldier's Song") | 1926 | Liam Ó Rinn | Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney |
 Israel |
"HaTikvah" ("The Hope") | 1948 (de facto) 2004 (de jure) |
Naftali Herz Imber | Samuel Cohen |
 Italy |
"Il Canto degli Italiani" ("The Song of the Italians") | 1946 (de facto) | Goffredo Mameli | Michele Novaro |
 Jamaica |
"Jamaica, Land We Love"[note 1] | unknown | Hugh Sherlock | Robert Lightbourne |
 Japan |
"Kimi ga Yo" ("May Your Reign Last Forever") | 1999 (de jure) | Traditional Waka poem from the Heian period (794-1185) | Traditional melody of the Meiji period (1880) |
 Jordan |
"Al-salam Al-malaki Al-urdoni" ("The Royal Anthem of Jordan") | 1946 | Abdul Monem Al-Refai | Abdul Qader al-Taneer |
 Kazakhstan |
"Meniñ Qazaqstanım" ("My Kazakhstan") | 2006 | Zhumeken Nazhimedenov (with modifications by Nursultan Nazarbayev) | Shamshi Kaldayakov |
 Kenya |
"Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" ("Oh God of All Creation") | 1963 | Graham Hyslop, G. W. Senoga-Zake, Thomas Kalume, Peter Kibukosya, and Washington Omondi | traditional African tune |
 Kiribati |
"Teirake Kaini Kiribati" ("Stand up, Kiribati") | 1979 | Urium Tamuera Ioteba | Urium Tamuera Ioteba |
 North Korea |
"Aegukka" ("The Patriotic Song") | 1947 | Pak Seyŏng | Kim Wŏn'gyun |
 South Korea |
"Aegukga" ("The Patriotic Song") | 1948 | uncertain | Ahn Eak-tae |
 Kuwait |
"Al-Nasheed Al-Watani" ("National Anthem") | 1978 | Ahmad Meshari Al-Adwani | Ibrahim Al-Soula |
 Kyrgyzstan |
"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni" ("National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic") | 1992 | Djamil Sadykov and Eshmambet Kuluev | Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyi Moldobasanov |
 Laos |
"Pheng Xat Lao" ("National Anthem of Laos") | 1947 | Sisana Sisane | Thongdy Sounthonevichit |
 Latvia |
"Dievs, svētī Latviju!" ("God Bless Latvia") | 1920 | Kārlis Baumanis | Kārlis Baumanis |
 Lebanon |
"Lebanese National Anthem" | 1927 | Rashid Nakhle | Wadih Sabra |
 Lesotho |
"Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona" ("Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers") | 1967 | François Coillard | Ferdinand-Samuel Laur |
 Liberia |
"All Hail, Liberia, Hail!" | 1847 | Daniel Bashiel Warner | Olmstead Luca |
 Libya |
"Allahu Akbar" ("God Is Great") | 1969 | Egyptian marching song | Egyptian marching song |
 Liechtenstein |
"Oben am jungen Rhein" ("Up Above the Young Rhine") | 1963 | Jakob Josef Jauch | unknown |
 Lithuania |
"Tautiška giesmė" ("National Song") | 1919 | Vincas Kudirka | Vincas Kudirka |
 Luxembourg |
"Ons Hémécht" ("Our Homeland") | 1895 | Michel Lentz | Jean Antoine Zinnen |
 Macedonia |
"Denes nad Makedonija" ("Today Over Macedonia") | 1992 (de jure) | Vlado Maleski | Todor Skalovski |
 Madagascar |
"Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô" ("Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland") | 1960 | Norbert Raharisoa | Rahajason |
 Malawi |
"Mlungu dalitsani Malawi" ("God Bless Malawi") | 1964 | Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka | Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka |
 Malaysia |
"Negaraku" ("My Country") | 1957 | multiple | Perak state anthem ("Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan") |
 Maldives |
"Gaumii salaam" ("National Salute") | 1972 | Muhammad Jameel Didi | Pandit Wannakuwattawaduge Don Amaradeva |
 Mali |
"Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" ("For Africa and for You, Mali") | 1962 | Seydou Badian Kouyate | Banzoumana Sissoko |
 Malta |
"L-Innu Malti" ("The Maltese Hymn") | 1964 | Dun Karm Psaila | Robert Samut |
 Marshall Islands |
"Forever Marshall Islands" | 1991 | Amata Kabua | Amata Kabua |
 Mauritania |
"National Anthem of Mauritania" | 1960 | Baba Ould Cheikh | Tolia Nikiprowetzky |
 Mauritius |
"Motherland" | unknown | Jean Georges Prosper | Philippe Gentil |
 Mexico |
"Himno Nacional Mexicano" ("Mexican National Anthem") | 1943 | Francisco González Bocanegra | Jaime Nunó |
 Federated States of Micronesia |
"Patriots of Micronesia" | 1991 | unknown | traditional German song (Ich hab' mich ergeben) |
 Moldova |
"Limba Noastră" ("Our Language") | 1994 | Alexei Mateevici | Alexandru Cristea |
 Monaco |
"Hymne Monégasque" ("Monégasque Anthem") | 1848 | Louis Notari | Théophile Bellando de Castro |
 Mongolia |
"Mongol ulsiin töriin duulal" ("National Anthem of Mongolia") | 1950 | Tsendiin Damdinsüren | Bilegiin Damdinsüren and Luvsanjyamts Murdorj |
 Montenegro |
"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" ("O, Bright Dawn of May") | 2004 | Sekula Drljević | Žarko Mirković[14] |
 Morocco |
"Hymne Cherifien" ("Anthem of Morocco") | 1956 | Ali Squalli Houssaini | Léo Morgan |
 Mozambique |
"Pátria Amada" ("Lovely Homeland") | 2002 | unknown | unknown |
 Namibia |
"Namibia, Land of the Brave" | 1991 | Axali Doëseb | Axali Doëseb |
 Nauru |
"Nauru Bwiema" ("Song of Nauru") | 1968 | Margaret Hendrie | Laurence Henry Hicks |
 Nepal |
"Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka" ("Hundreds of Flowers") | 2007 | Byakul Maila | Ambar Gurung |
 Netherlands |
"Het Wilhelmus" ("The William") | 1932 | unknown | Adrianus Valerius |
 New Zealand |
"God Defend New Zealand", "God Save the Queen"[note 8] | 1940 (national hymn)[note 9] 1977 (national anthem)[note 9] |
Thomas Bracken (English version)[note 9] Thomas H. Smith (Māori version)[note 9] |
John Joseph Woods[note 9] |
 Nicaragua |
"Salve a ti, Nicaragua" ("Hail to Thee, Nicaragua") | 1971 | Salomón Ibarra Mayorga | Luis A. Delgadillo |
 Niger |
"La Nigérienne" ("The Nigeriens") | 1961 | Maurice Albert Thiriet | Robert Jacquet and Nicolas Abel François Frionnet |
 Nigeria |
"Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey" | 1978 | John A. Ilechukwu, Eme Etim Akpan, B. A. Ogunnaike, Sotu Omoigui, and P. O. Aderibighe | Nigerian Police Band, under the directorship of B. E. Odiase |
 Norway |
"Ja, vi elsker dette landet" ("Yes, We Love This Country")[note 10] | 1864 | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Rikard Nordraak |
 Oman |
"Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani" ("National Anthem of Oman") | 1970 | unknown | unknown |
 Pakistan |
"Qaumī Tarāna" ("National Anthem") | 1954 | Hafeez Jullundhri | Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla |
 Palau |
"Belau rekid" ("Our Palau") | 1980 | multiple | Ymesei O. Ezekiel |
 Panama |
"Himno Istmeño "("Hymn of the Isthmus") | unknown | Jeronimo de la Ossa | Santos Jorge |
 Papua New Guinea |
"O Arise, All You Sons"[note 1] | 1975 | Tom Shacklady | Tom Shacklady |
 Paraguay |
"Paraguayos, República o Muerte" ("Paraguayans, the Republic or Death") | 1933 | Francisco Acuña de Figueroa | Françoice Dupuis, and Remberto Giménez |
 Peru |
"Himno Nacional del Perú" ("National Anthem of Peru") | 1821 | José de la Torre Ugarte y Alarcón | Jose Bernardo Alcedo |
 Philippines |
"Lupang Hinirang" ("Beloved Country") | 1898 | José Palma | Julián Felipe |
 Poland |
"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" ("Dąbrowski's Mazurka")[note 11] | 1926 | Józef Wybicki | unknown |
 Portugal |
"A Portuguesa" ("The Portuguese Song") | 1911 | Henrique Lopes de Mendonça | Alfredo Keil |
 Qatar |
"As Salam al Amiri" ("National Anthem of Qatar") | 1996 | Sheikh Mubarak bin Saïf al-Thani | unknown |
 Romania |
"Deşteaptă-te, române!" ("Awaken Thee, Romanian") | 1989 | Andrei Mureşanu | Anton Pann and Gheorghe Ucenescu |
 Russia |
"Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" ("State Hymn of the Russian Federation") | 2000 | Sergey Mikhalkov | Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov |
 Rwanda |
"Rwanda nziza" ("Beautiful Rwanda") | 2002 | unknown | unknown |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
"O Land of Beauty!"[note 1] | 1983 | Kenrick Georges | Kenrick Georges |
 Saint Lucia |
"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" | 1979 | Charles Jesse | Leton Felix Thomas |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
"St Vincent Land So Beautiful" | 1979 | Phyllis Punnett | unknown |
 Samoa |
"The Banner of Freedom" | 1962 | Sauni Iiga Kuresa | Sauni Iiga Kuresa |
 San Marino |
"Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" ("The National Anthem of the Republic") | 1894 | Federico Consolo | Federico Consolo |
 São Tomé and Príncipe |
"Independência total" ("Total Independence") | 1975 | Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo | Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e Almeida |
 Saudi Arabia |
"As-Salam Al Malaki" ("The Royal Salute") | 1950 | Ibrahim Khafaji | Abdul Rahman Al-Khateeb |
 Senegal |
"Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons" ("Strum your Koras, Strike the Balafons") | 1960 | Léopold Sédar Senghor | Herbert Pepper |
 Serbia |
"Bože pravde" ("God of Justice" or "Lord, Give Us Justice") | 1882 (de facto) 2006 (de jure) |
Jovan Đorđević | Davorin Jenko |
 Seychelles |
"Koste Seselwa" ("Join together all Seychellois") | unknown | unknown | unknown |
 Sierra Leone |
"High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free" | 1961 | Clifford Nelson Fyle | John Akar |
 Singapore |
"Majulah Singapura" ("Onward Singapore") | 1959 | Zubir Said | Zubir Said |
 Slovakia |
"Nad Tatrou sa blýska" ("Storm Over the Tatras")[note 6] | 1918 | Janko Matúška | folk tune |
 Slovenia |
"Zdravljica" ("A Toast") (7th stanza only)[note 12] | 1989 | France Prešeren | Stanko Premrl |
 Solomon Islands |
"God Save Our Solomon Islands"[note 1] | 1978 | Panapasa Balekana and Matila Balekana | Panapasa Balekana |
 Somalia |
"Somaliyaay toosoo" ("Somalia, Wake Up") | 2000 | Ali Mire Awale | Ali Mire Awale |
 South Africa |
"National Anthem of South Africa"[note 13] | 1997 | Enoch Sontonga and C. J. Langenhoven | Enoch Sontonga and C. J. Langenhoven |
 Spain |
"La Marcha Real" ("The Royal March") | 1770 | none | unknown |
 Sri Lanka |
"Sri Lanka Matha" ("Mother Sri Lanka") | 1951 | Ananda Samarakoon | Ananda Samarakoon |
 Sudan |
"Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-Watan" ("We Are the Army of God and of Our Land") | unknown | unknown | unknown |
 Suriname |
"God zij met ons Suriname" ("God Be With Our Suriname") | unknown | unknown | unknown |
 Swaziland |
"Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati" ("O Lord our God of the Swazi") | unknown | unknown | unknown |
 Sweden |
"Du gamla, Du fria" ("Thou Ancient, Thou Free")[note 14] | 19th century (de facto), never officially adopted | Richard Dybeck | folk tune |
 Switzerland |
"Schweizerpsalm" ("Swiss Psalm") | 1961 (de facto) 1981 (de jure) |
Leonhard Widmer | Alberich Zwyssig |
 Syria |
"Humāt ad-Diyār" ("Guardians of the Homeland") | 1936 | Khalil Mardam Bey | Mohammed Flayfel |
 Tajikistan |
"Surudi Milli" ("National Anthem") | 1991 | Gulnazar Keldi | Suleiman Yudakov |
 Tanzania |
"Mungu ibariki Afrika" ("God Bless Africa") | unknown | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga |
 Thailand |
"Phleng Chat" ("National Song")[note 15] | 1939 | Luang Saranupraphan | Peter Feit |
 Togo |
"Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux" ("Hail to Thee, Land of our Forefathers") | 1960 | Alex Casimir-Dosseh | Alex Casimir-Dosseh |
 Tonga |
"Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga" ("Song of the King of the Tonga Islands") | 1874 | Uelingatoni Ngū Tupoumalohi | Karl Gustavus Schmitt |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
"Forged from the Love of Liberty" | 1962 | Patrick Castagne | Patrick Castagne |
 Tunisia |
"Humat Al-Hima" ("Defenders of the Homeland") | 1987 | Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Aboul-Qacem Echebbi | Mohammed Abdelwahab |
 Turkey |
"İstiklâl Marşı" ("The March of Independence") | 1921 | Mehmet Akif Ersoy | Osman Zeki Üngör |
 Turkmenistan |
"Türkmenbaşyň guran beýik binasy" ("Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem") | 1991 | Saparmurat Niyazov | Saparmurat Niyazov |
 Tuvalu |
"Tuvalu mo te Atua" ("Tuvalu for the Almighty")[note 1] | 1978 | Afaese Manoa | Afaese Manoa |
 Uganda |
"Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty" | 1963 | George Wilberforce Kakoma | George Wilberforce Kakoma |
 Ukraine |
"Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy" ("Ukraine's Glory Has Not Perished") | 1917 | Pavlo Chubynsky | Mykhaylo Verbytsky |
 United Arab Emirates |
"Ishy Biladi" ("Long Live my Homeland") | 1971 | Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan | Saad Abdel Wahab |
 United Kingdom |
"God Save the Queen" | 1745 | unknown | unknown |
 United States |
"The Star-Spangled Banner" | 1931 | Francis Scott Key | John Stafford Smith |
 Uruguay |
"Himno Nacional" ("National Anthem") | 1938 | Francisco Acuña de Figueroa | Francisco José Debali |
 Uzbekistan |
"O`zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" ("National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan") | 1991 | Abdulla Aripov | Mutal Burhanov |
 Vanuatu |
"Yumi, Yumi, Yumi" ("We, We, We") | 1980 | François Vincent Ayssav | François Vincent Ayssav |
 Venezuela |
"Gloria al Bravo Pueblo" ("Glory to the Brave People") | 1881 | Vicente Salias | Juan José Landaeta |
 Vietnam |
"Tiến Quân Ca" ("Army March") | 1945 | Văn Cao | Văn Cao |
 Yemen |
"National anthem of Yemen" | 1990 | Abdallah Abdulwahab Noman | Ayoob Tarish |
 Zambia |
"Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free" | unknown | Enoch Sontonga | Enoch Sontonga |
 Zimbabwe |
"Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe" ("Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe") | 1994 | Solomon Mutswairo | Fred Changundega |
Anthems of other states
This table includes anthems of states with limited recognition that are not members of the United Nations.
| Nation | National anthem | Date adopted | Lyrics writer | Music writer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Abkhazia |
"Aiaaira" ("Victory") |
1992 | Genady Alamiya | Valera Çkaduwa |
 China, Republic of (Taiwan) |
"San Min Chu I" ("Three Principles of the People")[note 16] |
1937 (de facto); 1943 (de jure) | Sun Yat-sen | Ch'eng Mao-yün |
 Kosovo |
"Europe"[15] | 2008 | No lyrics[15] | Mendi Mengjiqi[15] |
 Nagorno-Karabakh |
"Azat u ankakh Artsakh" ("Free and independent Artsakh") |
1992 | Vardan Hakobyan | Armen Nasibyan |
 Palestine |
"Biladi" ("My Country") |
1996 | Said Al Muzayin | Ali Ismael |
 South Ossetia |
"Respublikæ Hussar Irystony Paddzahadon Gimn" ("National Anthem of South Ossetia") |
1995 | Totraz Kokaev | Felix Alborov |
 Transnistria |
"My slavim tebia, Pridnestrovie" ("We glorify you, Pridnestrovie") |
1992 | Boris Parmenov, Vitaly Pishenko, Nicholas Bozhko | Boris Alexandrov |
 Western Sahara |
"Yā Banīy As-Saharā" ("O Sons of the Sahara") |
1979 | unknown | unknown |
Anthems of non-sovereign countries, regions and territories
This table includes anthems of constituent countries, regions and dependent territories.
| Nation | National anthem | Date adopted | Lyrics writer | Music writer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Åland Islands |
"Ålänningens sång" ("The Ålander's Song") |
1922 | John Grandell | Johan Fridolf Hagfors |
 Republic of Ambazonia |
"Freedom Land"[16] | 1999 | Unknown | Unknown |
 American Samoa |
"Amerika Samoa" (American Samoa) |
1950 | Mariota Tiumalu Tuiasosopo | Napoleon Andrew Tuiteleleapaga |
 Andalusia |
"La bandera blanca y verde" ("The white and green flag") |
— | Blas Infante | Sevilla José del Castillo Díaz |
 Anguilla |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| "God Bless Anguilla" (unofficial) | 1981 | Alex Richardson | Alex Richardson | |
 Aosta Valley |
"Montagnes Valdôtaines" ("Mountains of Aosta Valley") |
2006 | Alfred Roland | Alfred Roland |
 Aruba |
"Aruba Dushi Tera" ("Aruba Precious Country") |
1976 | Juan Chabaya Lampe | Rufo Wever |
 Azad Jammu and Kashmir |
"Watan Hamara Kashmir" ("Our State is Free Kashmir") |
1965 | Hafeez Jullundhri | Hafeez Jullundhri |
.svg.png){kind=small} Bavaria |
"Bayernhymne" ("Hymn of Bavaria") |
c. 1860 (unofficial) 1964 (official) |
Michael Öchsner | Konrad Max Kunz |
 Bermuda |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Biafra |
"Land of the Rising Sun" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Bonaire |
"Tera di Solo y suave biento" ("Country of Sun and Gentle Breeze") |
1964 | Unknown | J. B. A. Palm |
 British Virgin Islands |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Brittany |
"Bro Gozh ma Zadoù" | 1897 | François Jaffrennou | James James |
 Catalonia[17] |
"Els Segadors" ("The Reapers") |
1899 | Emili Guanyavents | Francesc Alió |
 Cayman Islands |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Cook Islands |
"Te Atua Mou E" ("God is Truth") |
1982 | Pa Tepaeru Te Rito Ariki Lady Davis | Thomas Davis |
 Cornwall |
The Song of the Western Men/Trelawney | 1824 | Robert Stephen Hawker | |
 Curaçao |
"Himno di Kòrsou" ("Anthem of Curaçao") |
1978 | Guillermo Rosario, Mae Henriquez, Enrique Muller, and Betty Doran | Frater M. Candidus Nouwens and Errol Colina |
 England[note 17] |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| "Jerusalem" | Unknown | William Blake | Hubert Parry | |
 Faroe Islands |
"Tú alfagra land mítt" ("Thou Fairest Land of Mine") |
1906 | Símun av Skarði | Peter Alberg |
 Flanders |
"De Vlaamse Leeuw" ("The Flemish Lion") |
1973 | Hippoliet Van Peene | Karel Miry |
 French Polynesia |
"Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui"" ("Long Live Tahiti Nui") [18] |
1993 | Maeva Bougues, Irmine Tehei, Angèle Terorotua, Johanna Nouveau, Patrick Amaru, Louis Mamatui and Jean-Pierre Célestin | Maeva Bougues, Irmine Tehei, Angèle Terorotua, Johanna Nouveau, Patrick Amaru, Louis Mamatui and Jean-Pierre Célestin |
 Galicia |
"Os Pinos" ("The Pinetrees") |
1907 | Eduardo Pondal | Pascual Veiga |
| Greenland |
"Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit" (You Our Ancient Land) |
1916 | Henrik Lund | Jonathan Petersen |
 Isle of Man |
"Arrane Ashoonagh dy Vannin" (O Land of Our Birth) |
2003 | William Henry Gill | Unknown |
 Jersey |
"Island Home" | 2007 | Gerard Le Feuvre | Gerard Le Feuvre |
 Kurdistan |
Ey Reqîb | 1938 | Dildar (Yunis Rauf) | Unknown |
 Marche |
"Inno delle Marche" ("Anthem of The Marche") |
2007 | No lyrics | Giovanni Allevi |
 Montserrat |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Newfoundland and Labrador |
"Ode to Newfoundland" | 1902 | Charles Cavendish Boyle | E.R. Krippner |
| Northern Ireland | "God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| "Londonderry Air"[19] | Unknown | Jane Ross | Unknown | |
 Puerto Rico |
"La Borinqueña" ("The Borinquen Song") |
1903 | Lola Rodríguez de Tió | Félix Astol Artés |
 Québec |
"Gens du pays" ("Countrymen") |
1975 | Gilles Vigneault | Gilles Vigneault and Gaston Rochon |
 Republika Srpska |
"Moja Republika" ("My Republic") |
2008 | Mladen Matović | Mladen Matovic |
 Saba |
"Saba You Rise From The Ocean" | 1985 | Unknown | Unknown |
 Scotland[note 18] |
"Flower of Scotland" | Unknown | Roy Williamson[20] | Roy Williamson |
.svg.png){kind=small} Sicily |
"Madreterra" ("Mother earth") |
2003 | Vincenzo Spampinato | Vincenzo Spampinato |
 Sint Eustatius |
"Golden Rock Anthem" | 2004 | Pieter van den Heuvel | Unknown |
 Sint Maarten |
"O Sweet Saint Martin's Land" | Unknown | Unknown | G. Kemps |
 Texas |
"Texas, Our Texas" | 1929 | William J. Marsh | Gladys Yoakum Wright |
 Turks and Caicos Islands |
"God Save the Queen" | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 Tuva |
"Tooruktug Dolgai Tangdym" ("My Taiga Filled with Pine Nuts") |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
 United States Virgin Islands |
"Virgin Islands March" | c. 1920 (unofficial); 1963 (official) | Alton Adams | Sam Williams |
.svg.png){kind=small} Valencia |
"Himne de València" ("Anthem of Valencia") |
1909 | Maximilià Thous i Orts | Josep Serrano Simeón |
 Wales |
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" ("Land of my Fathers") |
1856 | Evan James | James James |
Peoples
| Nation | National anthem | Date adopted | Lyrics writer | Music writer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Acadians |
"Ave Maris Stella" ("Star of the Sea, We Hail Thee") |
1884 | unknown | - |
.svg.png){kind=small} Occitania |
Se Canta | Unknown | Gaston III Fébus | - |
 Padania |
Va' Pensiero chorus from Nabucco | 1989 | Giuseppe Verdi | Giuseppe Verdi |
 Sami |
"Sámi soga lávlla" ("Song of the Sami People") |
1986 | Isak Saba |
Historical national anthems
| Country | National anthem | Period | Lyrics writer | Music writer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria-Hungary |
Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (“God Save Emperor Francis”) | 1804–1918 | Lorenz Leopold Haschka | Joseph Haydn |
 China, Republic of |
See also: Historical Chinese anthems | |||
 German Democratic Republic |
Auferstanden aus Ruinen (“Arisen from Ruins”) | 1949–1990 | Johannes R. Becher | Hanns Eisler |
 German Empire |
Heil dir im Siegerkranz (“Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown”) | 1871–1918 | Heinrich Harries | unknown |
 Korean Empire |
Daehan jeguk aegukga (“Patriotic song of the Korean Empire”) | 1902–1910? | Franz Eckert | |
 Netherlands Antilles |
"Anthem Without a Title" | 2000–2010 | Zahira Hiliman and Lucille Berry-Haseth | Zahira Hiliman |
.svg.png){kind=small} Persia |
Salamati-ye Shah (“Well-Being of the King”) | c1853–1933 | unknown | Lemaire |
 Qing Empire |
Gong Jin'ou (“Cup of Solid Gold”) | 1911–1912 | Yan Fu | unknown |
 Orange Free State |
Volkslied van de Oranje Vrijstaat | 1854-1902 | Orange Free State | |
 Rhodesia |
Rise O Voices of Rhodesia | 1974–1979 | Mary Bloom | Beethoven |
| Romania |
Marş triumfal şi primirea steagului şi a Măriei Sale Prinţul Domnitor ("Triumphal March for the Welcoming of the Flag and His Highness the Ruling Prince") | 1862 - 1884 | none | Eduard Hübsch |
| Trăiască Regele (Long live the King) | 1884 - 1947 | Vasile Alecsandri | Eduard Hübsch | |
| Imn pentru Republica Populară Română (Zdrobite cătuşe) ("Anthem for the Romanian Peoples' Republic (Broken Handcuffs)") | 1948 (de facto) - 1953 | Aurel Baranga | Matei Socor | |
| Imn de Stat al Republicii Populare Române ("State Anthem of the Romanian Peoples' Republic (We glorify thee, Romania)") | 1953 - 1977 | Eugen Frunză and Dan Deşliu | Matei Socor | |
| Imnul de stat al Republicii Socialiste România/Trei culori ("State Anthem of the Socialist Republic of Romania/Three Colors") | 1977 – 1989 | unknown/adepted from the original Cântecul tricolorului | Ciprian Porumbescu | |
| Russian Empire |
God Save the Tsar! | 1833–1917 | Vasily Zhukovsky | Alexei Lvov |
 Serbia and Montenegro |
Hej, Sloveni (“Hey, Slavs”) | 1977–2006 | Samuel Tomášik | unknown |
 South Africa |
Die Stem van Suid-Afrika | 1936–1994 | C.J. Langenhoven | Marthinus Lourens de Villiers |
 Spain |
Himno de Riego (“Anthem of Riego”) | 1931–1936/1939 | José Melchor Gomis | José Melchor Gomis |
| Transvaal | Volkslied van Transvaal | Transvaal Republic | ||
 USSR |
The Internationale, National Anthem of the Soviet Union (“Hymn”) | 1922–1944, 1944–1991 | Eugène Pottier, Sergey Mikhalkov | Pierre De Geyter, Alexander Alexandrov |
 Yugoslavia |
Hej, Sloveni (“Hey, Slavs”) | 1977–2006 | Samuel Tomášik | unknown |
| Kingdom of Hawaii | God Save The King | 1810–1860 | unknown | unknown |
| E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua | 1860–1866 | Lunalilo | ||
| He Mele Lahui Hawaii | 1866–1876 | Liliuokalani | unknown | |
| Hawaii Ponoi | 1876–1893 | Kalakaua | Henri Berger | |
 Kingdom of France |
Marche Henri IV (“Henry IV's march”) | c.1590-1789 & 1815-1848 | unknown | unknown |
 Kingdom of Sardinia |
S'hymnu sardu nationale (“The Sardinian National Anthem”) | 1842–1861 | Vittorio Angius | Giovanni Gonella |
See also
- Royal anthem
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 The United Kingdom's national anthem, "God Save the Queen", is also a national anthem of New Zealand and the royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
- ↑ "My Belarusy" was originally adopted by the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
- ↑ "Lijepa naša domovino" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Hymn to Liberty" is the national anthem of both Cyprus and Greece.
- ↑ By the power of the Constitution of Cyprus, the Turkish national anthem "İstiklâl Marşı" was used when a Turkish Cypriot representative was present. The practice lasted up to 1963.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Orriginally adopted by Czechoslovakia in 1918, and latter in 1993 by both Slovakia and Czech Republic.
- ↑ Denmark's royal anthem is "Kong Kristian" ("King Christian").
- ↑ Both "God Defend New Zealand" and "God Save the Queen" are official national anthems of New Zealand.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 This refers to "God Defend New Zealand", not "God Save the Queen".
- ↑ Norway's royal anthem is "Kongesangen".
- ↑ Also known by its incipit: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost").
- ↑ "Zdravljica" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.
- ↑ The "National Anthem of South Africa" is a hybrid of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") and "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" ("The Call of South Africa").
- ↑ Sweden's royal anthem is "Kungssången".
- ↑ Thailand's royal anthem is "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami".
- ↑ "National Banner Song" is used as the alternate anthem for Republic of China (Taiwan) at international events such as the Olympic Games.
- ↑ See National anthem of England for further information.
- ↑ See National anthem of Scotland for further information.
References
- General
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006-10-28). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 0304368261. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0304368261.
- Hang, Xing (2003-09-28). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810848473. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0810848473.
- Leonard, Hal (1996-01-01). National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0793560799. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0793560799.
- Specific
- ↑ "anthem". Reference.com. Lexico Publishing Group. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anthem. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ↑ "national anthem". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ↑ "Royal anthem "God Save The Queen"". Department of Canadian Heritage. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/godsave_e.cfm. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ "The Dutch Royal House". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080210032558/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13327. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ Japan Policy Research Institute JPRI Working Paper No. 79. Published July 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2007
- ↑ "'Bird's Nest' Ballads: Olympic National Anthems". NPR. 2008-08-07. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93283699. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ↑ God Save the King. 15. The Gentleman's Magazine. October 1745.
- ↑ "Lost for words". The Economist. 2007-07-26. http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9558331. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ "La Marseillaise". Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/marseill.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ "This town cherishes Tagore". The Times of India. 2006-08-15. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1894028.cms. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ "Facts and figures". Government of Switzerland. http://www.ch.ch/schweiz/01063/01065/index.html?lang=en. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ Ash, Timothy Garton (2008-01-17). "There are great national anthems - now we need an international one". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/17/kosovo.serbia. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ↑ "List of Member States". United Nations. http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ↑ http://www.datenbank-europa.de/hymnen/europa/montenegro.htm#Noten
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Kosovo Approves Anthem with No Lyrics". Balkan Insight. 2008-06-11. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612083247/http://balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10909/. Retrieved 2008-06-11. "Most of the parliamentary groups said they listened to all three shortlisted proposals but opted for the composition called ‘Europe’ by Mehdi Mengjiqi, which has no lyrics as it would respect the multi-ethnic nature of Kosovo."
- ↑ http://www.nationalanthems.us/forum/YaBB.pl?num=1141164804
- ↑ Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 2006 Preamble gencat.net, accessed 3 January 2009
- ↑ http://www.nationalanthems.info/pf.htm
- ↑ Unofficial
- ↑ The Corries website www.corries.com accessed July 12th, 2008
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